Chaos and Literary Comparison Essay example - 1261 Words

Chaos and Literary Comparison Abstract: I will show how chaos is can be found in art, specifically in literature, and analyze John Hawkess Travesty to show the similarities between literature and chaos. John Hawkes describes the artistic challenge as conceiving the inconceivable. In accordance with that thought, Wallace Stevens says, Imagination is the power that enables us to perceive the normal in the abnormal. It is arguable that chaos, deterministic disorder, is both abnormal and inconceivable to the untrained mind; even to the person accustomed to chaos, the imagination is key to his/her perception of chaos. Therefore, chaos can be found not only in nature and scientific studies, but also in art, specifically†¦show more content†¦He refutes the perception of life as a slow, undisturbed flow; he welcomes turbulence as a factor of art and life in general. He focuses on the processes by which turbulence is obtained, and on the moment when that turbulence reveals itself. He is interested in the instant when the ordinary flow of molecules becomes random: the transition between invention and destruction, the calculable and the inscrutable, the process of life and the stasis of death (Conte, 123). He is aware that chaos is an undeniable part of his life which he can only comprehend through his imagination and, therefore, through art (no matter how bizarre that art may appear to be). The initial conditions in the story are infidelity, betrayal, and artistic temperament. The variables produced by these initial conditions are Papas driving skill, the empty road, and the time of night. All of these variables are crucial; if one is changed in the slightest way, it alters Papas original plan, thereby taking away the underlying meaning of the art and transforming it into mere debris. These variables exemplify the Butterfly effect and sensitive dependence upon initial conditions, concepts that suggest that even a minor change in the initial circumstances of a system (here, the conditions leading up to the crash) determine its outcome. If by some odd happenstance, PapasShow MoreRelatedThe Last Question Isaac Asimov Analysis788 Words   |  4 PagesJerrodette I and II’s story begins several years later on an unspecified date, â€Å"‘What’s entropy, daddy?’ shrilled Jerrodette II†. Each chapter is representative of human civilization as i t progresses into the future and gradually collapses and turns to chaos along the way. The chapters are used to show time passing and how simple and finite human life is in the grand scheme of the universe. Along with the physical layout of his plot, Asimov uses unique grammatical structure to convey the same messageRead MoreJohn Donne as an Innovative Poet1012 Words   |  5 Pagesrespected poet is not unjustified. 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The complexity of the literary writing symbolized romance, particularly the romance of the sea. The novel was based on the life of a sailor who experienced a tragic voyage and a white whale named Moby Dick. After writing several novels, heRead MoreLord of the Flies Nature of Man1726 Words   |  7 Pagesembrace. In comparison, Ralph represents the familiar, comfortable, lawful society that the young boys have known their entire lives. Jack arrives on the island with obvious character flaws, which develop throughout the novel as the world around him deteriorates. They have grown up living in a similar fashion to that of Ralph’s tribe , therefore in this new found paradise the desire to rebel runs strongly enough to drive them to near utter chaos. Jack, negatively portrayed in comparison to Ralph,Read MoreHeller s Style Of Writing943 Words   |  4 Pagesthe book around, adding to the illusion of chaos. Heller is not flowery in his words, but that isn’t to say he is short and blatant. Catch 22 is written in long winded sentences that make it seem as if someone were constantly ranting about their surroundings. With this amount of description, Heller sets a mood. If the moment is dreary, the sentences describe just how bleak things seem, and seems to take forever to read. If it is angry, there are comparisons to how the anger is felt and why and whatRead MoreNonsense and Justice in Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland735 Words   |  3 Pagesauthor, mathematician and logician would sit down and write a logical, didactical novel, instead he wrote a novel of the literary nonsense genre. Unusual, is it not? Maybe we should take a closer look at Carrolls â€Å"nonsenseâ€Å" and see why is it considered to be random, senseless, unpredictable, and without rules. Moreover, even justice is not spared of parody, injustice and chaos are logical consequences of living in Wonderland. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a story about a little girl who comesRead MoreEssay on Harrison Bergeron682 Words   |  3 PagesHarrison Bergeron, projected on a stage representing the conformity of a society with a system of Government based on equality for the weak, which are monitored and controlled by a dictatorial Government. This story is a literary sample that gives us a system of Government, where the law was created with the intention of limiting the individuals and turning them into beings with actuation equality, controlling them through the transmitters or obstacles in their body for that people couldRead MoreA Long Day s Journey Into Night And Birdman1659 Words   |  7 PagesVirtuous Ignorance? A Comparison of A Long Day s Journey Into Night and Birdman In the art of storytelling, the artist tends to rely on a specific pattern of story development. This pattern, as we have seen in the numerous literary examples that we have read so far, naturally conforms to a rigid framework—one that we, as humans, repeatedly desire. This framework was described by Dan Harmon as â€Å"the story circle†, and mirrors the cyclical nature of our conscious perceptive capabilities, as well

Vactions on the Beach vs. the Mountain Free Essays

Vacations at the Beach Vs. Mountains People are always looking forward to their family vacation time. There are many options where to choose. We will write a custom essay sample on Vactions on the Beach vs. the Mountain or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, I think that the two most common places people choose for taking a vacation are the beaches, and the mountains. Both places offer a variety of fun activities. Vacation at the mountains and at the beaches is totally different from each other, regarding climate, types of activities, and the location of beaches and mountains. Climate is always important in order to enjoy vacation. If a person dislikes cold weather, he or she might have a hard time in the mountains. The cold climate in the mountains is the first obstacle people have to overcome to have a great time. As it may be true, the warm climate is one of the most important features that the beach has to offer. Sun and fun are two words that describe the beach. The temperature in those places is mostly always hot and humid. Climate plays a big role in choosing the next family vacation. The variety and types of activities in the mountains and beaches differ as well. Even more as the climates are different that also makes the activities they both offer different as well. In contrast with the mountains, some activities a person can enjoy at the beach would be swimming, playing volley ball, snorkeling, surfing, and boating. On the other hand, a vacation at the mountains offers a wide variety of activates, like snowboarding, skiing, mountain climbing, and hiking are some of the activities people can enjoy when going to the mountains. Location also plays a big difference in a vacation, at the beach or in the mountains. The regions that have mountains are where people can go to have a great vacation. In addition Whistler, Canada is a city located in North America and contains many mountain vacation sites people from all around the world travel there and plan their vacation. Nevertheless, in most coastal cities there is night clubs, and restaurants where people can dance and have fun throughout the night. Mexico offers many amazing coastal cities to visit. Acapulco, Puerto Vallarta, and Cancun are the three of the most beautiful and famous beaches in the North America. It really doesn’t matter what place a person decides to choose. Indeed a person can have just as much fun experiencing ether one. People often make a decision depending on one of the tree options to plan their vacation. Depending on that and what the person likes is what he or she will choose. I enjoy the beach just as much as the mountains. The mountain offers me a place to take a risk and enjoy the slopes. But the contrast in both the mountains and the beach is the climate, activities, and the location. How to cite Vactions on the Beach vs. the Mountain, Papers

Conference On Contemporary Marketing Issues -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Conference On Contemporary Marketing Issues? Answer: Introduction A budget airline refers to as the low-cost carrier or airline. LCC airline does not provide most of the outdated services provided in the fare that results in the lower fares and the fewer comforts. Jetstar Airways private limited is an Australian low-cost airline, having headquarters in Melbourne. This airline is the whole subsidiary of Qantas which is created to give the competition to the other airlines like Virgin blue (Jetstar, 2017). The company carries 8.5% of all the passengers who visit in and out of the Australia. The aim of the Jetstar Company is to offer the low fares to the people so that they can fly to more places. Service blueprint A service blueprint is an operational planning tool that delivers the guidance on how a service will be provided. This is a technique used for the service design and innovation by the company (Polaine, Lvlie, and Reason, 2013). Jetstar Company also uses services blueprint technique that shows the services provided by the company. This is the service blueprint plan for the budget airline. This service blueprint diagram shows that the company has divided the processes into the 3 categories such as customer, Contact process and the support process. Servicescape strategy Servicescape is a model that is developed by the Booms and Bitner to emphasize the impact of the physical environment in which a service process takes place. Jetstar Company also follows the servicescape strategy. The corporate strategy will help in advancing the understanding of the service. The servicescape strategy for the airline consists of both exterior and interior. Talking about the facility exterior, the airline company provide certain physical facilities to the customer such as exterior design, parking, landscape, surrounding and environment. The interior physical facilities consist of the Equipment, layout, air quality and music (Maeng, and Park, 2015). Jetstar provides the facilities such as waiting area, check-in-kiosks, airline gate area, security screening area and the catering facilities. These are some of the facilities which airline should provide to the customers to enhance the experience with the airline. These services enhance the customer experience and meet the customer expectations which ultimately result in the customer satisfaction (Kuhn, Spies, and Petzer, 2015). The airline does make sure that they provide the facilities in the airline regarding the comfort of the seats, length of the seats and the leg room. Though, for maintaining this service the airline owner needs to expand more so that they can make the experience of the passengers memorable. Service Quality The service quality refers to as the assessment of how well the services are delivered to meet the clients expectations. The Jetstar airline operator uses the concept of the GAPS model which helps them in bringing the improvement in the service they are providing to the customers. GAPS model consist of the Customer Gap (Expected service- perceived service). The gap between the customer expectation and management perception. Jetstar airline is able to satisfy their passengers by providing them the favorite in the price of the tickets. Though, over the passengers who are expecting the delight services in terms of the physical evidence might be missing this create the customer gap. The gap among the service quality specification and the management perception. The management of the Jetstar airline knows the requirement of the customer but then also they are not able to fulfill requirement due to the lack of the resources. These resources restrict the airline company to perform well in the market. The gap between the service-quality specification and the service delivery. In the airline company, the employees might be poorly that affect the quality of the services that the Jetstar is willing to provide to their passengers. This how the airline will not be able to meet the expectations. The gap between the service delivery and the external communications. Sometimes the customer gets affected by the statement made by the Jetstar airline representatives. The external communication affects the service delivery. The gap between the perceived services and the expected service. This gap occurs when the customer of the airline misperceives the service quality provided by the company to meet the expectations of the customers. This doesnt mean that the company is not able to fulfill the expectations of the customers. The above customer gap shows that the company can easily fulfill the customer expectations by providing them the quality in the services they are providing. The company should provide proper training to their employees and should communicate the right message. Though, it is a time-consuming process to fulfill the gap and company also take the right steps to accomplish the objective of the filling the gap. Complaint handling process and service recovery The airline should follow the effective way of handling the customer complaints. This is the way of handling the complaint, first comes listen, at an airport while receiving any compliant the employee should listen to the complaint calmly and with sympathy. To clarify the same the employee of the airline should repeat concern of the customer. After clarifying the complaint service provider should make the customer aware of the cause of the problem. Apologize to the customers when the problem caused because of the airline internal activities which make the customer disappointed (Bougoure, Russell-Bennett, Fazal-E-Hasan, and Mortimer, 2016). The employee should take the prior authorization before proceeding to the next settlement. Take action to implement the solution once the customer gives the approval. Though, for conducting the whole process the airline need to give training to their employees. With the proper handling of the customers, a compliant airline will be able to satisfy the customer. Service recovery plays a vital role in achieving the customer satisfaction. The service recovery is an action which is taken by the company to retain the customers and for that, the company implements the strategies for an effective remedy to safeguard the trust of the customers towards the Jetstar airline (Jareankieatbovorn, and Cohen, 2016). Managing supply and demand Managing the demand and supply of the product and services is the challenge for the service manager of the airline. It is must for the company to understand the demand of the customer for the quality services and according to that, the airline should provide the services to the customer (Heizer, 2016). Different customer demand for the different services from the company, it must for the service manager to understand the service need according to the demand of the customer. The Jetstar airline manager should manage the demand and supply after understanding the severity of the requirements. Integrated marketing communication IMC is a process that ensures that all forms of message and communication are linked together. IMC is the dominating by the mass media advertising, through which Jetstar airline can easily connect with the customers (Cornelissen, and Cornelissen, 2017). The customers are also willing to get in touch with the company as they want to know more about the products and services airline is providing. The last campaign which was started by the Jetstar airline was Choice, Choice, Choice has been developed as one more campaign called Low fares are just part of the story which is providing improved products and services. To enhance the advantage of the marketing company integrated it with the previous campaign. Though, it is a very expensive process for the low-cost carrier airline. Conclusion The report talks about the evaluation of a budgeted airline. The budget airline selected for this evaluation is Jetstar. It shows that how Jetstar airline is able to manage the quality of the services it is providing to the customers. Though it is a challenge for the company to deal with the customers who are facing the issues with the quality of the services but still company handles the complaints nicely. References Bougoure, U.S., Russell-Bennett, R., Fazal-E-Hasan, S. and Mortimer, G., 2016, The impact of service failure on brand credibility. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, pp.62-71. Cornelissen, J. and Cornelissen, J.P., 2017, Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Heizer, J., 2016, Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Jareankieatbovorn, N. and Cohen, G., 2016, June. An investigation of service failure attributions on the relationships between service recovery strategies and marketing outcomes. In 4 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 22-24, 2016 Heraklion, Greece (p. 448). Jetstar, 2017, About us, viewed on 4th October 2017, https://www.jetstar.com/au/en/about-us Jetstar, 2017, Flights, viewed on 4th October 2017, https://www.jetstar.com/au/en/flights Kuhn, S.W., Spies, H. and Petzer, D.J., 2015, Online servicescape dimensions as predictors of website trust in the South African domestic airline industry. Southern African Business Review, 19(1), pp.44-71. Maeng, H.K. and Park, J.W., 2015, A study on the effect of the physical environment in an airplane on customer loyalty. Journal of Airline and Airport Management, 5(2), pp.81-100. Polaine, A., Lvlie, L. and Reason, B., 2013, Service design. From Insight to Implementation, p.202. Zurich, L.B., 2017, Service Operations and Management.

Jared Gibb Essays - DraftLa Belleza En El Retrato,

Jared Gibb SPAN 3220 Mini-Ensayo 6: Escriva de Balaguer, Camino El consejo que yo mas he tenido que escuchar es numero once. Cuando lei este, lo me hablo. Casi cada semana tengo que bregar para completar por lo menos dos tareas porque no los hice hasta el ultimo momento. Cuando este pasa, siempre me da la ansiedad y me alucino. Toco el papel del estudiante loco y enojado. Ser loco no es el peor, ser enojado por otro lado si es el peor. Cuando toco el enojado nadie me gusta. Pierdo control de mis emociones y acciones y a veces termino siendo un huevon. Ademas de esto, la tarea no es tan facil como lo pudiera sido si sencillamente yo he hecho la tarea cuando deberia haberlo terminado. El consejo que nuestra sociedad mas necesita escuchar es numero tres. Esto dice mucho sobre lo que nuestra sociedad hoy en dia no puede hacer. Esto es cierto en pueblo de joven hasta anciano que van desde cosas como comiendo comida chatarra hasta actividades de relajacion y esencialmente disfrutando demasiado de una cosa como un gloton. A veces tienes que decir que "No, no voy hacer esto hoy. Voy hacer algo que me da la ventaja o que me mejora como ser humano.

Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent Groups

Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent Groups Often referred to as agnatic, patrilineal descent is an affiliation arrangement of a society where the lineage and ancestry is drawn from the male link. Through the great ancestors to the current generation, family tree concentrates on the male members. For instance, ancestry is passed through the grandfather, to his son, to his grandson, and to his great grandson in the same sequence.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, matrilineal descent, commonly known as uterine descent, is an affiliation in the family ancestry which concentrates on the ancestress. From a generation to another, descent is passed through an intertwined series of female dichotomy. Unlike Cognatic descent, which embrace the male and female links simultaneously, Patrilineal and Matrilineal descents are independent of each other and often exist as whole in a s pecific society depending on the traditional circumstances from which acculturation used to operate, and still does. Different societal settings tend to embrace and associate with different descent groupings controlled by exchange restraint which is an organized alliance of systems functioning concurrently to maintain and transfer tangible kinship validation ‘certificate’. For example, in a patrilineal descent, the descent group is composed of both the females and males sired by a father belonging to the patriarchal affiliation. However, the descent of the mother is matrilineal. Analogously, the same scenario is true for a matrilineal decent. In role assignment, one society might consider patrilineal decent affiliation for certain responsibilities such as political functions, and the other embrace matrilineal descent in inheritance channeling. Matrilineal descent is still common in the Kingdom of Msuati of Swaziland. In this society, the political goodwill is only viabl e when the aspirant is endorsed by his matrilineal affiliations. In Palestine, inheritance channeling is exclusively determined by the fact that such an individual, irrespective of sex, belongs to a patrilineal descent. The foundation of the American constitution was laid on the solid equal rights plate. Overtime, irrespective of gender, American culture has embraced independence and autonomy as families adopt nuclear affiliations as opposed to extended family ties.Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As these families grow smaller and smaller, the majority has finally accepted every member of their families as equals when allocating resources, opportunities, and roles. This trend has necessitated the adoption of Cognatic descent, which is a fusion between matrilineal and patrilineal descents (Schultz and Lavenda 48). Class and Caste Systems of Stratification While class seg mentation is temporary, a caste system is permanent. Across the globe, economic, political, and social circumstances may trigger upward, neutral, and downward nobilities characterized by a change in the social class an individual belongs to. However, a caste is a ‘permanent tag caste on a stone’ on an individual irrespective of the class. Thus, it is in order to categorically quantify the fact that class is dependent on opportunities such as education, income variance, employment, and infrastructure. In contrast, caste system is of social inherency and physical from birth, and is organized in such away that it will determine types of lifetime opportunities assigned permanently to that caste (Schultz and Lavenda 87). In caste system, the type of job, marriage partner, and social groupings is determined by social ideology or religious dogma deeply rooted and embraced by the society in which it exists. On the other hand, in class affiliation, these factors are not determin ed by a religious ideology; rather, they are determined by education level, hard work, and talents among others. Besides, there is complete freedom and ability to move, make decisions on occupation, and lifestyle. Although caste system is illegal across many societies and countries across the globe, the system is still deeply rooted in Indian where the type of job, marriage partner, religious role, and social group is determined by the caste of such an individual. The social structure of the United States of America functions in class system stratification though inclusive of hidden discrepancies associated with caste system such as discrimination of the minorities due to skin color, gender, race, nationality, and religion since it is a state acquired in life and not determined by birth. Often, Americans who practice Islamic religious are prone to harassment by C.I.A and the Homeland Security for baseless allegations of terrorism affiliation. Though practiced in small scale, the dis trict courts are pilled with cases on racism slug due to skin color and belonging to a minority group especially Latino and Negro.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Patrilineal and Matrilineal Descent Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social Change Being an intriguing idea, social change focuses on a mirrored reflection of what a society would like to visualize from a string of intertwining ideas. Social change involves impersonal consciousness, stepwise process, and absolute necessity assumptions aimed at creating a sustainable, friendly, and acceptable irksome feeling. The reactive process to these components is what is referred to as social change. At quantitative level, this continuous process embraces both ecological dimension and internal operation engine as a measure of variance between the former and the later result when these occurrences fuse. Change advocacy is a necessity towards actualizing ideas a cceptable to the society. Irrespective of the social and economic climate in which change agents operate, the questions to consider in change advocacy revolves around policy solutions, engagement, administration, and change argumentation. In the America society, citizens have adopted bureaucratic, ideological, legislative, and mass appeal to advocate for change (Schultz and Lavenda 79). Under the bureaucratic arrangement, individual involved is often an expert with vast experience in the subject of change. For instance, in the new health plan proposed by the Obama administration, experts have presented a well researched optional approach into health provision to the government decision makers with an intention of convincing this group to accept their proposal. In practicing ideological advocacy as a means of influencing change, individuals sharing the same ideology mobilize together in protests and demonstrations to express their dissatisfactions to the decision making organs for ap propriate actions. Across the societies of the world, it is a common occurrence to spot protesting workers and unions due to low wages and poor working conditions. Specifically, this criterion is almost succeeding in Yemen where the mass have mobilized to protest against poor governance and mismanagement. On the facets of legislative approach, an individual might opt to use the constitutional law courts to present a proposal, complaint, or complement with an intention of convincing the decision making academy to buy such ideas. Here, the basis of arguments is based on federal legislative process. Mass advocacy is the most common approach used by change agents to pass information on the necessity and purpose of change. In the Arab society, the people have successfully practiced this approach to petition leaders believed to be of authoritarian school of thought.Advertising Looking for report on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From Libya to Egypt in Africa, the people have successfully used the social media to influence opinion of the mass and gain their support. In the end, the seasoned leaders were misplaced and displaced by the mass influence organized in continuous solidarity protests. Besides, assimilation approach has bared fruit among the gays and lesbians in America. The members of this group have managed to convince the society on the need to coexist by employing civil rights movements, public protests, and race riots as actualized by the sin city sisters of Las Vegas. Marriage Patterns In defining marriage, anthropologists formulate valid cross-cultural variations of modern and traditional forms. Thus, in traditional definition, marriage is a permanent union organizing parents and children in a domestic arrangement with each member having defined roles to play within institutionalized patterns. In the modern definition, marriage is a permanent and exclusive union of a man and a woman with define d parental responsibilities and sex rights. Monogamy marriage limits the individual in this union to a partner at a time. Marriage arrangement is thus between a man and a woman in a permanent union. On the other hand, polygyny marriage is a union of a man to more than one female as practiced in several societies of Africa and Asia since time in sundry. This may also occur in the form of serial polygyny under which the union occurs seriatim. Polyandry marriage is a union of a woman to more than one man. When the men in this arrangement are brothers, it is referred to as fraternal polyandry. These forms of marriage unions exist in different societies depending on acculturation and societal beliefs and values (Schultz and Lavenda 89). In the traditional society of the Asian culture, men were considered complete and respect accorded on the number of wives a man had. The religion demanded that men had to marry and take care of many women as a symbol of continuation. Polyandry functioned in West Ghana in the 18th century. This culture was adopted and practiced by members of this society who idolized women as goddess of continuation and a link from a generation to another. Monogamy is the most common type of marriage in the contemporary society. This practice can be attributed to economic hardships, religion, and modernization which has librated women as equals of men. The existence of these forms of marriages has been influenced by the type of religion, economic status, and traditional practices upon which the society is founded. Essence of Cultural Anthropology Since the commencement of this semester, I have learnt to appreciate the essence of culture as part and parcel of an individual existing in any society. Culture is as complex as the society itself. Culture consists of unique identity symbolism, language, politics, and religion. The deep knowledge on culture is of essence in appreciating and reflecting on behavior and understanding inter and intra personal de scent. In addition, I have learnt to appreciate different theories on culture developed to explain the uniqueness and geographical setting of cultures in America and a cross the globe. The most interesting concepts in this class were the organization dimensions, marriage and family, and globalization as defined by different theories in cultural anthropology. Specifically, organization dimension widen my scope in understanding functionality of a system. However, the caste system as practiced in India drew various arguments especially with the modernization in the 21st century. Though research confirmed the existence of this system in some parts of India, it is almost impossible to live with the reality of a generational existence pegged merely on dogmatic ideology in a planet where everyone has become a global citizen. Schultz, Emily, and Lavenda, R. Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human  Condition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print.

Reinforcer Assessment for Applied Behavior Analysis

Reinforcer Assessment for Applied Behavior Analysis The foundational premise of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is that when behavior is reinforced, it is more likely to reoccur. When behavior is repeatedly reinforced, it becomes learned behavior. When we teach, we want students to learn specific behaviors. When students have problem behaviors, we need to teach alternative or replacement behavior. The replacement behavior needs to serve the same Function as the problem behavior, as the function is the way in which the behavior is reinforced for the child. In other words, if a behavior functions to provide a child attention, and the attention is reinforcing, the behavior will continue. Changeability of Reinforcement Many items can be reinforcing for a child. What is reinforcing is related to the function and the value of the function for a child. At different points certain different functions will have more importance than others to individual children: at some point, it may be attention, at another, it might be a preferred item or avoidance. For the purposes of Discrete Trials.  reinforcers that can be readily available and given and withdrawn quickly are the most effective. They may be toys, sensory items (spinning lights, musical toys, squishy toys/balls,) preferred items (dolls or Disney characters) or even escape, access to a break area. Sometimes edibles (candy or crackers) are used, but it is important that they are quickly paired with more appropriate social reinforcers. Not every item that is reinforcing for a child remains reinforcing. It may depend on the time of day, satiation, or the childs mood. Its important to have a rich menu of reinforcement that you can use with individual students when attempting to use ABA to teach or change behavior. Thats why it is important to attempt as many different kinds of reinforcers as possible, from preferred toys to sensory items. Ask About a Childs Preferences Parents and caregivers are a good place to start when exploring reinforcers. You can ask for the childs personal preferences: What does he/she enjoy doing when they can choose themselves? Does he/she have a favorite television character? Does he or she perseverate on that particular character? Parents and caregivers can give you some insight into the childs interests that will give you a sense of the kinds of preferences the child will find reinforcing. Non-Contingent Assessment The first step in assessing reinforcers is to give a child access to a number of items that The first step in assessing reinforcers is to give a child access to a number of items that young children would find appealing. Try to include items that the parent or caregiver has already indicated is a preferred item. It is called non-contingent because access to the reinforcer is not contingent on the childs behavior. To what items does the child gravitate? Note anything that the child picks up to assess again. Note any themes: is there a preference for musical toys, for specific characters? Does the child use cars or other toys appropriately? How does the child play with the toys? Does the child choose self-stimulation instead of toys? Can you engage the child in play with any of the toys? Once you have seen the child in the presence of the toys, you can list preferred items and eliminate those that they have shown little interest in. Structured Assessments Through your unstructured assessment, you have discovered which items your student gravitates to. Now, you want to find your most powerful (A ) reinforcers and which you will keep back for when the student is satiated with his or her A reinforcers. That is done by systematically laying small numbers of items (often just two) in front of the child and seeing what preferences he or she expresses. Concurrent Schedule Reinforcer Assessment: Two or more reinforcers are presented as a response to a target behavior, and the preference is noted. The reinforcers are switched out, to compare later with other reinforcers. Multiple Schedule Reinforcer Schedule: A reinforcer is used in contingent setting (such as social attention for appropriate play) and later in a non-contingent setting (without a requirement of appropriate play.) If the appropriate play increases despite the fact the child is getting non-contingent attention later in the day, it is assumed that the reinforcer is effective for increasing play. Progressive Ratio Schedule Reinforcer Assessment: A reinforcer is checked to see if it continues to increase response when response demand is increased. So, if a reinforcer stops eliciting the response you want when you expect more responses, it is not as powerful a reinforcer as you thought. If it does . . . stick with it. Reinforcement Suggestions Edibles: Edibles are never the first choice of an ABA practitioner since you want to move into secondary reinforcers as quickly as possible. Still, for children with severe disabilities, especially older children with poor functional and social skills, edibles may be the way to engage them and begin building behavioral momentum. Some suggestions: CrackersPieces of fruitSmall individual candies, like Skittles or M and Ms.Preferred foods. Some children with autism love dill pickles. Sensory Items: Children with autism spectrum disorders often have issues with sensory integration, and crave sensory input. Items which provide that input, like spinning lights or musical toys, can be powerful reinforcers for young children with disabilities. Some reinforcers are: Spinning lights or vibrating pens. These kinds of sensory items can be found in catalogs for special educators. If you dont have access to the catalogs, your occupational therapist may actually have some of these items.Gross motor activities, like bouncing on a pilates ball, or a ceiling hung swing.Tickles or direct sensory input. This is most appropriate for very young children, but it may also help pair reinforcement with the therapist/teacher. Preferred Items and Toys Many children with disabilities love television and often perseverate on favorite television characters, like Mickey Mouse or Dora the Explorer. Combining these strong preferences with toys may make some items powerful reinforcers. Some ideas: Sound books with favorite characters. I have found these to be good reinforcers for young children.Jointed action figuresCars, trucks, and track.Thomas the Tank Engine trains.Small animal figures.Blocks. Ongoing Assessment Childrens interests change. So may the items or activities that they find reinforcing. At the same time, a practitioner should be moving to spread out reinforcement and pair primary reinforcers with secondary reinforcers, like social interaction and praise. As children succeed in gaining new skills through ABA, they will move away from the short and frequent bursts of instruction that is discrete trial teaching toward more traditional and naturalistic methods of instruction. Some may even begin to reinforce themselves, by internalizing the values of competence and mastery.

Law 1183 for Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law 1183 for Washington - Essay Example â€Å"The main issue however concerns the taxation and distribution of liquor in Washington† (Smith, 2010). There are proponents who argue that privatizing the liquor sales and distribution and availing the liquor on groceries would greatly increase the availability of the liquor sales, which will be another important part of the income to the city authority or the state government. The opponents of this initiative on the other hand advocate for state control in obtaining revenue as well as streamlining the drinking patterns within the community. Initiative 1183 is a measure that is aimed at directing the liquor board to close down all the state owned liquor stores, terminate the contracts offered by the state to private stores selling liquor, and allow the state to issue private licenses that would allow the liquor to be sold, imported and distributed by private parties in groceries and other easy access points (Mercier, 2010). This initiative is aimed at repealing the unifor m pricing as decided by the state liquor board, and other requirements that are required in sales and distribution of hard liquor. In fact, stores that previously had contracts from the state controlled liquor distribution under this initiative might be converted to retail licenses. About 1,428 retail outlets in initiative 1183 would be licensed compared to3, 357 in initiative 1100 (Mercier, 2010). A study carried out by the Office of Financial Management (OFM) has been the impetus to the proponents of this initiative. There are estimations that upon implementing this initiative, the State General Fund revenue would increase from $216 to $253 million, while the local revenues are expected to improve from $186 to $227 million (Mercier, 2010). This report has been used to consolidate proponents to vote for the initiative. In addition the initiative would retain the tax structure and license issuance would be about 17% of all liquor sales and an annual fee of $166 (Corte, 2010). One as pect in states protectionist monopoly is to reduce the overuse of hard liquor among its citizens. This makes the state to control not only the sales but also the consumption of the liquor. There are however, certain contradictions: â€Å"does state monopoly control the patterns and trends in alcohol intake? State protectionism on alcohol consumption might not directly affect the alcohol consumption patterns in the state† (Smith, 2010). For example, California has an average consumption of 2.34 gallons of alcohol per an average person, while Washington has an average of 2.35 gallons of alcohol consumed per an average person, as per the National Institute of Health figures 2007 (Smith (2010). California has a full privatized hard liquor licenses and sales and distribution of other alcoholic drinks. This makes alcohol readily available at groceries and other near points, where consumers may access the alcohol with ease (Smith, 2010). Proponents have a view that there is no diffe rence between alcohol consumed in the two states, meaning that the protectionism in alcohol distribution would not be effective in controlling consumption. â€Å"Washington would be the fifth state in protectionism from the second position after initiative 1183† (Smith, 2010).This argument has been used to challenge the assertion that the use of alcohol would be a menace to good governance (Timberlake,

Discuss the paradoxes and tensions of pay systems and the problems Thesis

Discuss the paradoxes and tensions of pay systems and the problems these create for the management of the employment relationship - Thesis Example pectations relevant to financial remuneration from employee perspective shall be determined from his qualification, previous work experience, and role in the organization, performance and potential assessment by the employer, work load and cost of living (inflation). The employer share a different perspective while accounting for the salary package for the organization, the bench marking is conducted against the local industries, the profits of the company are monitored, the investment plans are verified and lastly the performance and need of the employee. The perspective shared by employer and employee are therefore distinct, and such distinction has in many cases failed to develop appropriate settlement between the parties on this issue (Mahler, 1986). As per Adams Equity Theory, the inputs and putputs of the employee shall maintain equilibrium. The performance of the employee is closely monitored by the employer on the scale of profit-return, productivity, and maintenance and functional cost-cutting. Therefore in many organizations the pay systems are exclusively designed to offer financial rewards to the individuals who have contributed to the organization, instead of offering such deals to all the employees (David, 2000). There are systems where pay system is employee-centric, irrespective of contribution and performance of an individual, however such system has been nightmare for the employers due to the resignations of the high-performance employees, and consider it as unfair system. The employees have simple desire to be based fairly for their performance and achievements, and their salary shall necessarily take into account the cost of living. The employers share similar approach; however its execution is primarily profit margin driven followed by cost-cutting for the launch for new investment plans. This practice is widely common among the employers of South Asia inclusive of China, India, Malaysia and Thailand (Hamel, 2000). The pay system offered by

Compare the Techniques Of My First Sonne and Limbo Essay Example for Free

Compare the Techniques Of My First Sonne and Limbo Essay When looking at the two poems it is clear that On my First Sonne is composed to deal with a father losing his seven year old son. While in comparison the poet Brathwaite is highlighting the topic of slavery. When comparing the two poems it is quite noticeable that they deal with life issues of death and sadness. However, once studying the two poems it is quite noticeable that both poems distinguish and highlight religion. This is highlighted in Limbo as it says in the last line on the burning ground. Which can be clearly suggested that it is portraying the Christian image of Hell. Which can be defined as a place where youre in torture, which relates to the life of an African Slave where there struggling for life in places e.g. the sugar plantations. In On My First Sonne its communicating to the reader about religion like Limbo. However, instead of comparing religion to torture, it is discussing can people envy his son because hes going to heaven? This is particularly shown in the following line where he leaves a question mark Will man lament the state he should envie? Looking at both the poems theres a huge contrast in there individuality and uniqueness. This is clearly shown through the way that both the poems are written. For example, Limbo is presented in free verse which is probably suggesting that the slaves once had an identity. The word Limbo emphasises that the free verse is trying to show that the slaves were his ancestors with an African past. However, Brathwaite is presenting that the slave dealers stripped his ancestors of an identity for example the dumb Gods are raising me. Showing that the poet has no knowledge of Africans Gods or culture. While in contrast, the techniques used in On My First Sonne shows a traditional English poem about his love to his son. It is also writing about the English tradition of the Church of England and an identity about what it is to be English. Which during its time was to believe in the old tradition of religion and heaven. Which when comparing the two it is noticeable that On My First Sonne shows identity and Limbo conveys lost identity. On My First Sonne it uses Trochaic pentameter in order to create the feeling of sadness by the use of a stressed and then a unstressed syllable. By using this technique it creates a feeling that the author is clueless which is shown through sentences like Will man lament the state he should envie? Limbo also uses Trochaic pentameter in order to create the feeling of sadness as the poem is talking about the struggle of slavery long dark deck and the water surrounding me. When looking at the tenses of On My First Sonne it uses past, present and future. For example in the first four lines there is a use of past. This is shown as he talks about his seven year old child and uses in the last sentence on the just day. It then changes to present, as the poet talks about in the next four lines Will man lament the state he should envie? suggesting he should envy his son because he is in heaven. This quote also shows that he has accepted the death of his son. It then goes to future as the poet mentions in soft peace. This poem shows to the reader that the poet wrote this poem over a long period of time. Showing to the reader the past represents that his child died, the present in between lines is mentioning the childs burial and the future is that the child is buried and now in heaven. In Limbo there is a use of only present tense and repetition of the title limbo. This technique is used to make the poem capture the audience and get into the character of a slave. Furthermore, the use of repetition creates a tempo and the beat is indicated as it uses the word drummers. However, in On My First Sonne there is a use of punctuation to create the tempo meaning the audience are less involved with the poem. In conclusion this essay shows to the reader the background of the poems one to do with slavery and another to do with England and the Church of England of faith. Furthermore, Im showing how both poems contrast and how language is used to show tempo and contrast.

Medicine, Drugs, and the Internet Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Drugs and Cyberspace Since the beginning of time, humans have been searching for the ultimate answer. Throughout many cultures, plants as well as manufactured substances are used both for healing and to broaden perceptions and challenge reality. Drugs are a part of the incessant evolution of the human species towards a higher and greater intelligence, empathy and awareness or consciousness (Rushkoff, 34). Gurus and shaman have eternally incorporated plant chemicals into methods for enlightenment. For America, the early 1950's marked the emergence in popularity of psychedelic drugs as a tool for mind expansion (Kuhn, 163). Timothy Leary, an icon of 60's drug subculture, as well as cybernetic psychology explains, "the psychedelic drug movement of the 60's and the personal computer movement of the 80's are inner and outer reflections of each other." Leary also argues that only if you understand something about computers, can you begin to understand psychedelic drugs (Sheff, 120). Psychedelics deconstruct one's basic assumptions about life, presenting choices that are arbitrary to the individual and the given society. In The Doors of Perception, Aldous Huxley reflects on the capabilities of chemicals on the human mind: "Administered in suitable doses, peyote changes the quality of consciousness more profoundly and yet is less toxic than any other substances in the pharmacologist's repetory" (Huxley, 9). Douglas Rushkoff, one in the same as Leary, has written several books on the topic of psychedelics and cyberspace. He believes "with the help of a psychedelic journey, one can come back [from tripping] and consciously choose a different reality from one that's been agreed upon... ...rception. New York: Harper & Row, 1954. Kimm, Todd. "Can a Man Fly on the Internet?" icon. Vol. 16, Oct. 15, 1998, www.iconquest.com Kuhn, Cynthia; Scott Swartzwelder; Wilkie Wilson. Buzzed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998. Leary, Timothy. High Priest. New York: College Notes &Texts, Inc., 1968. Leinhard, John H. "A Concern About Reality." No. 88. Nov. 1998. http://www.uh.edu/engines. McKenna, Terence. Archaic Revivals. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1991. Neumann, Peter G. "Are Computers Addictive?" Communications of the ACM Vol. 40. No. 3 (March 1998): p. 128. Rushkoff, Douglas. Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1994. Sheff, David. "From Psychedelics to Cybernetics." Publish. Feb 1992: p.120 Taylor, Eugene. "Psychedelics: The Second Coming." Psychology Today. Jul 1996: pp.56-59+

Lord of the Flies- the Proof of Savagery

The Proof of Savagery When we first open our eyes to this vast world, we are simultaneously introduced to a civilized society. We are taught in school to do the right things and avoid wrong behavior: respect and consideration is crucial, harassment and bullying is unacceptable. But, what if we are placed on a deserted island, where there are no pre-established rules or norms for us to follow and stick to? Does our human nature reveal itself then?Do we start to believe in survival of the fittest, thus lose all sense of reason and pity? Do we forget all the rules of society civilization? In Lord of the Flies by William Golding, a group of boys are forced to learn to live harmoniously after a plane crash, which lands them in a foreign island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. In the process, some manage to remain rational and in control, as their leader Ralph, whereas others gradually transform into savages and intimidators, as the aggressive hunter, Jack.Golding introduces the stark c ontrast between civilization and savagery and how human nature is exposed at critical moments through many symbols that echoes throughout the book. The interactions between the older and younger boys, the ‘beastie’ and death are three of the many symbolisms that show the different actions and thoughts of people placed in a difficult, or even impossible situation. The saying â€Å"Survival for the fittest† is often seen in the wild, where stronger animals hunt down the weaker ones.A civilized society educates people not to scornfully despise or put down others. The group of boys on the island consists of both older and younger kids. The interactions between them show how human nature can retain its purity and goodness, as well as reveal its selfish and merciless side, exemplifying the conflict between civilization and savagery. Jack, Ralph and Piggy were three of the older boys. Jack, compelling and authoritative, often ignores the littluns and doesn’t real ly care about their safety and needs.When the older boys are out hunting for the beast, Ralph is concerned about who would take care of the little ones. Jack cries ‘Sucks to the littluns! ’ (101), though he knew that there are possible dangers on the island, as previously a littlun with the paint on his face had vanished after mentioning about a ferocious snake. Piggy, despite his older age than the littluns, is laughed at and made fun of by everyone, including the tinier kids. Jack demonstrates the uncaring, self-centered aspect of human nature, which leads him to radually savagery; while Ralph and Piggy both show the considerate and amiable nature of us. However, Piggy also reveals that being overly unopinionated and softhearted can result in being bullied and manipulated. As the plot progresses, we observe how Jack becomes increasingly uncompassionate and callous, neglect the littluns or merely use them to exhibit his power and authority. When he separated from Ralph ’s group and lead the ignorant littluns to their own site, he abused Wilfred to show off his capability. ‘He got angry and made us tie Wilfred up. (159) Roger recalled. After the commotion and showdown, ‘The newly beaten and untied Wilfred was snif? ng noisily in the background,’ (160) haven’t been punished and harmed by no specific reason. Ralph is extremely nice and accepting to the littluns from start to finish, but at the end of the novel, the littluns influenced by Jack’s desire for blood and murder, are driven to hunt Ralph down as if he was an animal. Ralph’s interaction with the little kids so the civilized side of human nature, with cannot sustain very long with the simultaneous presence of savagery.Piggy, unfortunately, met his end because of the Jack and his affected and corrupted ‘minion’ littluns. The interactions between the older and younger boys prove that human nature become crystal clear in a desperate sit uation, but evil and savagery usually unfortunately takes over and attacks the civilized. Fear is a small and inevitable part inside each animal being. On the island, the boys worry and ponder over the ‘beastie’, making guesses about what it is, what it looks, what it wants etc.The beastie in the novel, does not exist at all, its existence only mistaken by the boys having seen the dead pilot crashing down; in fact, it symbolizes the fear within boys, and how their anxiety, doubt and panic are strengthened over time and reflect their transforming personalities. In the beginning, the boys really lead a carefree life on the island. In their innocent perpectives, the island was a paradise without the supervision of strict adults. However, as Jack and certain boys started to develop an obsession in hunting, their behavior brings the ‘beast’ into existence.This figment of their imagination stands for the primal animal instinct of savagery. As the boys become incr easingly savage, their belief beast grows stronger and more persuasive. Jack stated â€Å"When you’re hunting, when you’re on your own, you catch yourself feeling as if you’re not hunting, but—being hunted, as if something’s behind you all the time in the jungle. † (53) Their assumption in the existence of the beast represent the breakdown of the civilized society and development of savagery.Towards the end of the novel, not only did the boys offer sacrifices to the beast so it wouldn’t bother them, they even brutally killed Simon having mistook him for the vicious creature they had been forever dreading. Savagery had blinded them completely, hindering their ability to tell whether the beast was real. Death may seem like one of life natural processes, that everyone will experience death. However, in throughout this novel, the seemingly simple and uncomplicated word death symbolizes the uncontrollable urge and yearning to but through f lesh and spill blood.Death is important in the book because the ends of different characters truly uncover how savage and insane the boys had become. In the beginning, when Ralph, Jack and Roger first encountered a piglet, Jack pulled out his knife in preparation to kill it. But he couldn’t perform the deed, and all three â€Å"knew very well why he hadn’t: because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living ? esh; because of the unbearable blood. † (31) At that point of time still, blood seems to be such a taboo subject that is unendurable and disgusting.However, at least for Jack, the perception of this red fluid, and even death, totally changed after his first successful kill. From then on, Jack and the other boys have lost their sanity, from killing animals to their own kind, boys they had lived with for the past weeks. First, there was the unintentional death of Simon; then, the deliberate murder of Piggy, and finally, the hunt for Ralph , before which the boys consciously prepared for; Roger even â€Å"sharpened a stick at both ends. † (190) Death is no longer a scary or distant thing for these ferocious boys.In contrast and in fact, since they had been savagely corrupted, they embraced the blood and flesh that came along with death. This symbol shows how uncivilized most of the boys had become over the course of their stay on the island. In conclusion, the conditions of the environment on the island in Lord of the Flies expose the true human natures of different characters in the novel. Some are naturally unforgiving and menacing, while others are rational and pleasant, even under harsh or unimaginable situations.The interactions between the older and younger boys, the â€Å"beastie† and death are three symbols that showed the naked distinction between civilization and savagery. Regrettably, when people are not restrained or limited by already created rules, they tend to turn to cruelty, savagery, an d barbarism. These vices spread more easily than do the virtues of remaining civilized, and this is why society crumbles and collapses without respected and obeyed laws which everyone is willing to live by in harmony and accord.

Dressing for Success

Robert Johnson Eng. 099 Fran Bradshaw Feb. 5, 2010 Dressing for Success Have you ever thought that dressing for success could bring about success to your everyday life? A lot of people these days as far as young men and women usually dress in a very urban style dealing with clothes that may be nice but are often worn incorrectly. For example somebody could have on a nice pair of Levi jeans but wear them to where they sag all the way off of their butt which is improper and just doesn’t look good.People also try to wear clothes that tend to be too big yet they still wear it which is funny to me, but not funny in the eyes of a business man or somebody important who may be watching. You never know who could be watching that’s why I feel young men and women should show themselves to be presentable, as well as professional, because first impressions are everything in society. How you come off to people and show yourself matters so much in society. As your first impression you should want to come off as a well dressed individual.Before people even meet you if they see that you’re well dressed that’s like a bonus for you because they’ll appreciate you more. People will know that you carry yourself in a professional manner, and won’t treat you as just who doesn’t matter, but a man or women of importance. Also dressing nicely shows that you have a good respect for yourself and if people see that just off of how you dress they will have way more respect for you. This can also help in any business venture you take, because what boss doesn’t like to see a potential or future employee who shows himself to look good and be professional.Which leads me to why looking professional is also a benefit of dressing well. As young men and women we strive to seek a well paying job whether in school or out of school. With well paying jobs comes an interview which looking professional is one of the keys to being viewed amongst the r est of the people who may be going for the same job you are. Not even in just a job setting, but in school as well with any teacher treating you better just for the simple fact that you come to class looking ready to learn.Also if you ever thought while you were in school that you may have wanted to pledge a fraternity or sorority, then looking professional might get you looked at as a potential choice for either one. Along with dressing for success being presentable is key. You must show that you’re not the same as everybody else but different in your own way. Everybody these days can put on a suit, but it takes the person inside the suit to really present there selves in a unique way from everybody else.You should present yourself to where it really shows who you are as an individual. Don’t set yourself up for failure and dress to where you present yourself as someone who is just like everybody else. In conclusion dressing for success deals with three things looking professional, being presentable, and your first impression. Even then it’s on you to strive to stand out amongst other people as person who dresses not simply to look good but for respect and admiration. That in its self is worth dressing for success every day.

Spanish Phrases That Refer to Foods

Spanish Phrases That Refer to Foods Just because a Spanish phrase includes a word for a type of food doesnt mean it has anything to do with food - just as the phrase eye candy isnt meant to satisfy a sweet tooth. Below are more than a dozen examples of such phrases and idioms. Note that many of the translations arent literal but are colloquial, as are most of the Spanish phrases. Chocolate (Chocolate) In English, you may give a foe a taste of her own medicine, but in Spanish you can give her soup made from her own chocolate, sopa de su propio chocolate. There is also a Spanish equivalent of the medicine metaphor, una cuchara de su propia medicina, a spoon of her own medicine. Los Mets le dieron a los Cachorros sopa de su propio chocolate al barrerles la serie de cuatro juegos. (The Mets gave the Cachorros a taste of their own medicine by sweeping the series in four games.) Harina (Flour) Ser harina de otro  costal, to be the wheat from a different bag, means to be something unrelated to what is being discussed. La carrera de Cameron hoy est en riesgo, pero eso es harina de otro costal. (Camerons career is at risk today, but thats another matter entirely.) Jugo (Juice) To remove the juice from someone, sacar el jugo a alguien, or remove the juice from something, sacar el jugo a algo, is to get the greatest benefit from a person, thing, or activity. El entrenador le saca el jugo a los jugadores. (The coach gets the most out of his players.) Lechuga (Lettuce) Someone who is fresco como una lechuga (fresh as a head of lettuce) is someone who is healthy, alert and in control of him- or herself. Possible similar phrases in English include cool as a cucumber and fresh as a daisy. Estaba fresca como una lechuga, sonriente y dispuesta a hablar con quien se le acercara. (She was all ready to go, smiling and inclined to speak with anyone who approached her.) Manzana (Apple) A bone of contention, something that becomes the focus of a dispute, is a manzana de (la) discordia, an apple of discord. The phrase comes from the Golden Apple of Discord in Greek mythology. Siria es la manzana de la discordia en las negociaciones de paz. (Syria is the sticking point in the peace negotiations.) Pan (Bread) We think of someone in prison as living on bread and water, a pan y agua. In Spanish, the phrase often refers to a strict diet, and sometimes to other types of hardships or deprivations. Si llevas un tiempo a pan y agua, intenta no pensar en ello y busca tu placer de otro modo. (If you spend some time deprived, try not to think about it and seek your pleasure in some other way.) Que con su pan se lo coma (roughly, let him eat it with his bread) is one way of expressing indifference to someones plight. I dont care, is a possible translation, although context can suggest many others. Hay muchos hoteles que no se permite la entrada con nià ±os. Quien elige un hotel para familias, que con su pan se lo coma. (There are many hotels that dont allow children. I dont have any sympathy for someone who picks a family-oriented hotel.) Ser pan comido (to be eaten bread) is to be extremely easy. Similar food phrases in English are to be a piece of cake or to be as easy as pie. Con nuestro software, recuperar un servidor de correo electà ³nico es pan comido. (With our software, restoring an email server is a piece of cake.) Someone born with a silver spoon in her mouth can be said to nacer con un pan bajo el brazo, born with a loaf of bread under her arm. El presidente no entiende  la gente. Fue nacido con un pan bajo el brazo. (The president doesnt understand the people. He was born born with a silver spoon in his mouth.) Pera (Pear) A candied pear, pera en dulce, is a thing or person that is widely seen as desirable. Mis padres terminaron de convertir su casa antigua en una pera en dulce. (My parents finished converting their old house into a gem.) If something is old, it is del aà ±o de la pera, from the year of the pear. No son compatibles con esta tà ©cnologà ­a, que es del aà ±o de la pera. (They arent compatible with this technology, which is as old as the hills.) Taco (Taco) Taco de ojo, meaning eye taco, is used primarily in Mexico and has a meaning similar to eye candy, especially when it refers to someone with sex appeal. As in the following sentence, it is often combined with the verb echar, which by itself usually means throw. Estas pelà ­culas de Netflix estn buenà ­simas para echarte un taco de ojo con los actores que salen. (These Netflix movies are excellent for tossing you eye candy with the actors who perform.) Trigo (Wheat) No ser trigo limpio, to not be clean wheat, is said of a person who is dishonest, creepy, shady, unreliable, or otherwise suspicious. The same phrase is used less frequently for things that seem suspicious or fishy. Recibà ­ un SMS de mi hermano: Cuidado con esa chica, no es trigo limpio. (I received a text message from my brother: Be careful with that girl. Shes bad news.) Uva (Grape) To have a bad grape, tener mala uva, is to be in a bad mood. The same can be said of someone with bad intentions. Tener mala leche (to have bad milk) can be used in the same way. La que tenà ­a mala uva era Patricia. (The one in a bad mood was Patricia.)

Look, See, and Watch Related Verb ESL Exercise

Look, See, and Watch Related Verb ESL Exercise Look, See and Watch are three related verbs that are easily confused. English learners can use this page to understand the differences between these three verbs. Example sentences for look, see and watch will help you understand how to use these verbs. Finally, theres an exercise to help you test your understanding of these key verbs. Look (At) Use the verb look (at) to say that you or someone else looks with concentration. In other words, you look to see something specific. Look refers to seeing something specific one time, rather than over time as with the verb watch (see below). I looked at the trees in the distance.Tom looked at the picture and smiled.Sarah looked at her sister and smiled. Look is usually used with the preposition at. However, when using look as an imperative at is not used when there is no object. Look over there!Look! Its Tom. Use look as an imperative with at when followed by an object. Look at those people.Look at me when I speak to you! See See is used to make simple statements. In other words, use see to note that you saw someone or something. I saw Tom at school yesterday.Did you see the beautiful sunset yesterday?Mary saw an interesting man while she was in Chicago. On the other hand look at and watch are used to state that you see something with particular attention. You look at something specific, and you watch something over time. Compare: I saw Jim at the party. (simple statement)I looked at Jims shirt. It was strange! (focus on a specific item)I watched Jim speaking to Tom for five minutes. He seemed nervous. (watching the movements and actions of someone or something over time) Do not use see in the progressive form as see is used to express a fact, not an action. I saw Tom at the party. (fact, not an action)We saw an interesting car on the road. (statement of an interesting story, not recounting a specific action at a specific time) The verb see is also used to express that an experience is completed. For example, you can watch a film and see a film. If you see a film, you refer to the complete act. If you watch a film you speak about the action of watching the film at a specific moment. Compare: I saw a good film yesterday. (referring to the complete film)I was watching TV when you called. (referring to the action that was interrupted) See Visit The verb see can also be used to mean to visit, or have an appointment with someone. Janice saw a doctor yesterday.Peter will see the marketing manager tomorrow.Have you seen a specialist? Watch Watch is used to express that you watch something in progress, something that changes over time. I watched the children playing in the park.She has been watching those birds over there for the past thirty minutes.What are you watching on TV? Watch is similar to look at, but it refers to an action that takes place over time. Look at is used to refer to a single instance when someone looks for something specific. Compare: I looked at the message on the billboard. (referring to looking at something once to understand)I watched the debate on TV. (referring to a show that takes place over time on TV) Practice What You've Learned For this exercise, youll choose between look (at), see or watch to complete the following sentences. Remember to conjugate the verb in the correct tense. _______ that dog over there. Its so cute!Have you ________ the new film by Spielberg?I was _______ the children play in the park when I met Alice.Im going to ________ the doctor tomorrow afternoon.Did you ________ the amount on the check carefully?Peter ________ Andrew yesterday.Alice is ___________ a show at the moment.The students __________ the information on the whiteboard.I havent ________ Susan in a long time.

APPLIED DECISION METHODS CLASS; MOD4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

APPLIED DECISION METHODS CLASS; MOD4 - Essay Example As such, this can’t exactly be used as a basis on determining the overall relation betweenthe cost charged and the SATs scored. The model as from the computations is invalid meaning it can’t be used to assess the question given As computed, the correlation coefficient of the created model is a weak positive number of 0.17577. Thisshows a weakrelationship of the model. The overall significance of the model should be less than 0.05. In our case, our model gives a value of 0.547796. This shows the model isn’t statistically valid rendering our model inaccurate. Then again, the variability of the dependent variableas explained by the independent variable is 0.030895 which yields a percentage of 3.0895 which is a very weak number. Consequently, the variables aren’t statistically significant as they are close to 0.05. (0.049008). This can be estimated by multiplying the payroll with the strength of the relationship described by the model. We subtract 17.577% from 100% to get 82.423%.We then multiply this by the payroll spent by the team that is 82.433%/100% * 79 and we obtain roughly about 65 victories. Despite the moving average being an accurate method of forecasting sales, the weighted moving average is even more accurate as one can weigh the more recent periods a little heavier than the older

Essentials of Political Thought Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Essentials of Political Thought - Research Paper Example During Lewis lifetime, science was just beginning to emerge as the Western world's preferred principal system of thought. Essentially, modern life was beginning to be transformed by technological discoveries that resulted from the developing intellectual activity. Lewis felt that that some attitudes were absolutely fundamental to the existence of man while others were essentially false. He scoffed at the emerging popular belief that moral values could be said to be subjective; and that they could evoke different responses from different people- all of which were right in their own settings. Lewis also differed with schoolteachers who disregarded the function of emotional inclinations in favor of practical utilitarian thinking. He would assert that the purpose of education was to stimulate the development of values, â€Å"good† feelings, and thoughts in students while concurrently curbing the development of â€Å"bad† ones. John Dewey (1859-1952) held completely differen t thoughts from Lewis in the importance of moral absolutes. He stated that in life, real truth is not something that really exists and that any theory that will be referred to as truth has to be experimentally determined. Dewey claimed that in life, no theory or object can be said to be inherently evil or inherently good; it is merely a person's choice on how to view the theory or object that makes it seem either good or bad. Dewey also asserted that nothing can be said to be more valuable than another thing. He would claim that morality is mainly situational, and that even religious beliefs ought to be examined scientifically, and that change in belief is inevitable and desirable. He also rejected subjected to scientific evaluation before they can be verified as fact. Dewey, himself, believed in the truth of organic evolution. He held that man was essentially a sophisticated type of animal that could not be said to have any inner being or claim to immortality in the afterlife. For him, the non-physical aspects of man amounted to being little more than a sophisticated habit system. Dewey would further state that human beings are not naturally selfish or depraved, but are conditioned to behave as they do- whether badly or well, by their environment. Owing to the fact that C. S. Lewis felt that the Western world was engaged in rejecting the biblical statutes that determined the existence of objective wrong and right, and believed that once these principles were presented to school children as being real truths there would be a collapse of society, he defended the tradition of natural law in his famous text, 'The Abolition of Man'. His objective was the salvation of Western civilization (Lewis, 5). For Lewis, the beginning of false teachings was initiated by the 18th century Enlightenment when the West was transformed by the most disastrous cultural transition, which he would aptly name the â€Å"un-christening of Europe† or the â€Å"post-Christian† age (Lewis 6). Demoralized by the changes he saw, Lewis stated, "Until the modern era, no eminent thinker would ever presume to doubt that our value based judgments were logical and practical or that what they stated was objective. The modern perspective is quite different; and does not believe in the veracity of value judgments" (Lewis 7). In his arguments, Lewis categorically stated that there is an existing and unassailable universal moral order, and that every

Motivators For Tourist Trips To Different Destinations Essay

Motivators For Tourist Trips To Different Destinations - Essay Example Both outbound and inbound tourism have had a stable growth in tourists. The type and state of weather and climate are a major influence of tourist destinations. The state of the atmosphere in a given place at a particular time describes weather while climate is the prevailing condition of the atmosphere determined after a long period of surveillance(Avraham&Ketter, 2008).The travel and tourism industry has been a major contributor to the economy for a long period. Both outbound and inbound tourism have had a stable growth in tourists. The type and state of weather and climate are a major influence of tourist destinations. The state of the atmosphere in a given place at a particular time describes weather while climate is the prevailing condition of the atmosphere determined after a long period of surveillance(Avraham&Ketter, 2008).Climate is one of the elements of geography that constitute geographical space, contributing to the environmental conditions that encourage or hinder touri sm. People seek to settle in areas that offer the highest comfort and chances of existence in terms of climate. Following this fact, the climate is considered to delimit optimal zones for tourism both at a regional and global scale. For instance, the warm temperate zones are considered optimal for beach and sun tourism.Where tourism uses geographical space, it is because there is specific components which depending on how they are appreciated socially, can be exploited and subsequently assimilated into tourism as a good or service.

Stress is a world wide phenomenon of modern lifestyles

Stress is a world wide phenomenon of modern lifestyles Stress at work has become these days the headline of news papers and the talk of the day. It is a world wide phenomenon of modern lifestyles to which our island is not an exception. Various researches show that extreme job stress can harmfully affect the emotional and physical health of workers, which ultimately results in decreased productivity, less satisfaction, and less healthy workers. This chapter therefore serves as the foundation for the development of this study. In this chapter, the theoretical literature on organizational stress is examined. The main aim of this section is to go beyond a simple description of the literature so as to acquire an understanding of the topic in a theoretical context in order to better investigate the subject matter having direct applicability to my dissertation. 2.1 Definition of stress Stress is not necessarily something bad it all depends on how you take it. The stress of exhilarating, creative successful work is beneficial, while that of failure, humiliation or infection is detrimental. -Hans Selye (1956) Stress is an imprecise term that can be defined in different viewpoints. In fact, almost anything anyone can think of, pleasant or unpleasant has been described as a source of stress. Research in this particular area has followed several avenues. Hans Selye (1936), one of the founding fathers of stress research, defined stress as Stress   is   the   bodys   nonspecific   response   to   a demand   placed   on   it. He believed that most stressors are neutral, until, by our own thinking, we change them into negative effects or positive effects. Since then, further research has been conducted on the topic and ideas have moved on. Stress is now viewed as bad things, with a range of harmful effects. For Arnold and Feldman (1986), stress is defined as the reactions of individuals to new or threatening factors in their work environment. This definition implies that new situations often arise in our work surrounding, so stress is bound to occur. During the 1980, however, stress was considered as an unfavorable factor not only in physical and mental health, but in other areas of life as well. In the organizational environment, for example, stress was implicated in the deterioration of individual performance efficiency, which in turn, affected the overall performance of the organization (Gaines and Jerimer, 1983). Stress was also been linked to high personnel turnover in organizations (Bowers, 1983). The Confederation of British Industry (CBI) on the other hand in 1991, defines stress as that which arises when the pressures placed upon an individual exceed the perceived capacity of that individual to cope. According to Trade Union Congress (TUC), stress occurs where demands made on individuals do not match the resources available or meet the individuals needs and motivation. Stress will arise if the workload is too large for the number of workers and time available. Equally, a boring or repetitive task which does not use the potential skills and experience of some individuals will cause them stress. In order to explore this topic further, some of the recent literature on the subject must be considered. It is probably useful to start by considering the legislation on the subject by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). In 2008, the HSE stated that stress is the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure or other types of demand placed upon them. According to research made by Mc Cromick (2005), stress is the relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering well being. For Auerbach et al,(2007), stress refers to an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal that people experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their well-being. 2.1.1 Types of stress Stress can be of two types, good and bad. Most people believe that stress is always bad. Nothing can be far from the truth! A little stress is absolutely necessary for our survival in this highly competitive world! Thus, stress is classified into two groups namely: Eustress: The Good Stress Eustress is the good stress that helps us to improve our performance. A certain amount of positive stress keeps us pepped up to meet all challenges and is essential for our survival and progress in life. Distress: The Bad Stress Distress is a negative form of stress. This occurs when the mind and body is unable to cope with changes, and usually occurs when the norms are being deviated. They can be categorized into acute and chronic stress. Acute stress is severe. It lasts for a short period of time. On the other hand, chronic stress lasts over a long period of time. In Gestalt Therapy Verbatim (Real People Press, 1969), Perls proposes a more general definition, where stress is a manifestation of thinking about the future. According to Perls, there is no difference between good and bad stress. They are both created by thinking about the future. Moreover, French, Kast, and Rosenweing (1985) also emphasized the idea that stress itself is not necessarily bad. The term stress can be considered neutral with the words distress and eustress used for designating bad and good effects. They propose a model that defines an optimum range of stress in terms of its effect on performance. Stress levels below a minimum level result in decreased performance and rust-out. 2.2 Symptoms of Stress Stress is defined by Ganster and Murphy (2000) as a form of strain provoked in response to situational demands labeled stressors which occur when jobs are simultaneously high in demands and low in control. Selye (1946) was the first to describe the phases that the body goes through in response to a threat. Selye defined the general adaptation syndrome, which states that the body passes through three stages. The first stage is an alarm reaction. This is typified by receiving a shock, at the time when the bodys defences are down followed by a counter-shock, when the defences are raised. All bodily systems work together to provide maximum energy for fight or flight. The second stage is resistance. If the stress continues, the body builds up a tolerance to its effect. The body becomes habituated to the effects of the stressor, however, the bodies adaptive energies are being used as a shield against the stressor. The third stage is exhaustion. If the stressor continues to act on the body, however, this acquired adaptation is eventually lost and a state of overloading is reached. Williams and Huber (1986) provide a comprehensive list of the symptoms of stress. These are constant fatigue, low energy level, recurring headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, chronically bad breath, sweaty hands or feet, dizziness, high blood pressure, pounding heart, constant inner tension, inability to sleep, temper outburst, hyperventilation, moodiness, irritability and restlessness, inability to concentrate, increased aggression, compulsive eating, chronic worrying, anxiety, inability to relax, excessive use of alcohol and excessive use of smoking. Furthermore, job stress can make people more susceptible to major illness. (Roseman and Friedman, 1971) 2.3 Causes of stress There are various causes of job stress, but whichever the cause, it is bound to fall into one of the two categories, namely individual causes or organizational causes. However, it is the interaction of the personality of the worker and the working conditions that create higher level of stress. It will be beyond the scope of this dissertation to name each and every causes of job stress as there are too many, so we will just list some of the major ones by regrouping them under each category. 2.3.1 Individual Causes An individual must perceive a stressor in order for it to have a blow on them, and peoples personalities determine how they will recognize something. Some people may see certain events as more stressful as others. An individual may experience the same situation differently; it all depends on their personalities. A shy person may experience more stress than an outgoing person. Therefore, differences in individual factors such as personality and coping style are most important in predicting whether certain job conditions will result in stress. Many researches have been done in this field which shows that there are personality variables such as Type A behavior and Type B behavior. Stress seems to be a factor in these personality types and specifically how a person responds to stress. According to Timothy and Moore (2001), Type A people are achievement oriented, irritable, impatient with delays, and seem to be always in a hurry. They are substantially involved, committed to their work and often neglects other aspect of their lives. This type of personality shows a tendency to suppress stress symptoms and fatigue because they think that illness might interfere with the completion of various important tasks. The relationship between Type A behavior and symptoms of stress is supported in a study of 236 managers in 12 different companies (Howard, Cunningham, and Rechnitzer, 1976). This showed that Type A behavior was associated in a significant way with high blood pressure and higher cholesterol levels. Individuals having Type A personalities are those who tend to create a lot of stress in their lives. In contrast to Type A, Type B people are less competitive, and more easy going. Robbins (1998) stated that Type B people are more relaxed with no sense of urgency or worry about time that is wasted. They often stop to reflect on and review performance or what they have been doing. They think of themselves and approach life more calmly. As such, they can deal more effectively with job stress. 2.3.2 Organizational Causes Although individual factors play a great role in causing stress, yet scientific evidence has shown that certain working conditions are stressful for most people. Stress affects people at work in many ways and the causes of stress are diverse. Studies by Cooper and Marshall (1978) into source of managerial stress identified an organizational boundary with the individual manager straddling that boundary and, in effect, endeavoring to cope with conflicting stressors created by external demands (the family) and internal demands (the organizations). This is depicted in Figure 2.1. The managers response may be affected by individual personality traits, his tolerance for ambiguity, his ability to cope with change, specific motivational factors and well-established behavioral patterns. Within the organization, a number of stressors can be present. These include those associated with: The job Role in the organization Career development Organizational structure and climate Relations within the organization On the other side of the organizational boundary is the organizations interface with the outside world. Here conflict can be created where there may be competition for an individuals time between the organization and his family, or between the organization and an individuals own particular interests or hobbies. Role in organization Role conflict/ambiguity Responsibility for people No participation in decision making etc.Figure 2.1 Sources of managerial stress Intrinsic to job Too much/too little work Poor physical conditions Time pressures Decision-making, etc Career development Over-promotion/under promotion Lack of job insecurity Thwarted ambition, etc. Individual Manager Personality Tolerance for ambiguity Ability to cope with change Motivation Behavioral pattern Organizational structure and climate Lack of effective consultation Restriction on behavior Office politics, etc Organizational boundary Relations within organization Poor relation with boss Poor relations with colleagues and subordinates Difficulties in delegating responsibility, etc. Organizational interface with outside Company versus family demands Company versus own interests, etc. Source: Cooper and Marshall (1978). Stress at work: Management and Prevention, p.23 TUC (2008) lists the main causes of stress as overwork, bullying, low job control and satisfaction, job insecurity, new ways of working, poor work organization and pace of work can all cause stress. Bhagat (1983) has reported that work performance can be seriously impaired by external stressors. There are many aspects of organizational life that can become external stressors. These include issues of structure, managements use of authority, monotony, a lack of opportunity of advancement, excessive responsibilities, ambiguous demands, value conflicts and unrealistic workloads. A persons non-working life (e.g., family, friends, health and financial situations) can also contain stressors that negatively impact job performance. According to Anderson (2002), work to family conflicts is also a predecessor which creates stress in employees of organization. According to McGrath (1978), adverse working conditions such as excessive noise, extreme temperatures, or overcrowding, can be a source of job-related stress. Reitz (1987), reports that workers on swing shifts experience more stress than other workers. Orth-Gomer (1986) concludes that when three shifts are used to provide around-the-clock production, major disturbances in people may be unavoidable. Arnold and Feldman (1986) emphasize the deleterious effects of role ambiguity, conflict, overload and underload. Role ambiguity is often the results of mergers, acquisitions and restructuring, where employees are unsure of their new responsibilities. According to Kahn and Byosiere (1992), role conflict concerns incompatible role expectations. Such conflict is related to conceptual differences between workers and different supervisors regarding the content or importance of required job tasks. This creates conflict: the commitment to a number of superiors versus the individuals values pertaining to the organizations requirements. Katz and Kahn (1978) states that role overload is frequently created by excessive time pressures, where stress increases as a deadline approaches, and then rapidly subsides. Today, role overload is understood to be distinct from role conflict. Role overload is related to number of sick days, feelings of anxiety, frustration, depression, decrease in self-confidence, job burnout, attention and concentration problems and work accidents. (Glisson et al., 2006; Kahn and Byosiere, 1992). Role underload is the result of an insufficient quantity, or an inadequate variety of work. Both overload and underload can re sult in low self-esteems and stress related symptoms. Moreover, poor interpersonal relationships are also a common source of stress in organizations. Arnold and Feldman (1986) cite three types of interpersonal relationships that can evoke a stress reaction namely: too much prolonged contact with other people, too much contact with people from other departments and an unfriendly or hostile organizational climate. Furthermore career related concerns such as job security and advancement are often source of stress. Holmes and Rahe (1967) constructed a scale of forty-three life events, and rated them according to the amount of stress they produce. The most notable feature of their instrument is that many positive life changes (i.e. marriage, divorce, Christmas, vacations etc.) are substantial sources of stress. Generally, stress appears to be a result of any change in ones daily routine. French, Kast, and Rosenweig (1985) believe that any situation that requires a behavioral adjustment is a source of stress. However, a situation that is stressful for one person might not be stressful for another. According to Parasuraman and Alutto (1984), older workers seem to be less strongly affected by stressful situations. Arnold and Feldman (1986) suggest that individuals with high self-esteem and a tolerance for ambiguity are less prone to stress-related illness. 2.4 Consequences of stress The impact stress has on employee performance is no less dramatic. Just as stress accumulates in our bodies, stress accumulates in organizations as well. At high levels, it destroys organizational climate, lowers organizational performance, and weakens organizational effectiveness. While Holmes and Rahe (1980) are concerned mainly with the physiological consequences of stress, there is a wide array of attitudes and behaviors that are affected by stress as well. The consequences of job stress on employee performance are as listed in the table below. Table 1.1 Consequences of Job Stress Consequences of Job Stress Physical Health Psychological Well-Being Performance Decision Making 2.4.1 Negative effects of stress on employee performance Stress within the organization cannot be overlooked. Anderson (2003) states that stress exists in every organization either big or small and the work places and organizations have become so much complex due to which it exists, work place stress has significant effects over the employees job performance. Stress does have a negative impact on employee performance. For instance, Pickering (2001) states that the consequences of stress in the workplace can be very varied and include high sickness, absence and staff turnover together with poor performance. In addition, stress has been frequently associated with industrial sabotage. Workers sometimes create mechanical failures on the assembly line to give themselves a break from the monotony and strain of their work. Job stress also has an impact on individual productivity. Rose (2003) claims that in every organization and at every level of management and workers an elevated average level of stress is to be found which mostly has an effect on employees job satisfaction. As will be seen in Figure 2.2, McGrath (1976) chartered out the job stress performance curve to explain how stress affects performance. Figure 2.2: Job Stress and performance P E High R F O R Moderate M A N C E Low Low Moderate High Source: McGrath, J.E. (1976). Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, p.1363 Figure 2.2 illustrates that as individuals start feeling more stress at work, their performance will increase. They are thrilled to take advantage of new opportunities or to deal with potential problems. In fact, they will be encouraged to work harder than when they are experiencing little or no stress. People will push themselves to their performance limits under moderate amounts of stress. However, as we can see from the above figure, if stress becomes too high or persists for a long period, performance begins to decrease. People suffer exhaustion; they can only work at a fever pitch for so long. The longer the stress lasts, the more their physical and emotional energy gets drained. Thus, it can be seen that the relationship between stress and performance is curvilinear. People perform best under moderate amounts of stress. According to McGrath (1976), stress also affects effective decision making. Employees who are highly stressed are more likely to procrastinate and to avoid having to make decisions. Moreover, employees who are under stress have difficulties to concentrate, they are not able to finish their tasks on time, they tend to commit mistakes in their work and often they forget important pieces of information. As a result, all these lead to degradation of employee performance. 2.4.2 Positive effects of stress on employee performance Despite the fact that stress has negative impacts on employee performance, it does have some positive effects as well. According to Suedfeld (1979), life would be very dull indeed if it were altogether devoid of challenges. He concluded that an intermediate level of stimulation and challenge tends to be optimal for most people. Second, stress may frequently promote personal growth. Stress must sometimes force employee to develop new skills, learn new insights, and acquire new strengths. Last but not the least, todays stress can inoculate us so that we are less affected by tomorrows stress. If stressful experience is moderate in intensity and does not overwhelm us, it may increase our subsequent stress tolerance. (Suedfeld, 1979) 2.5 Managing Stress Managers of organizations have a double perception of stress. They need to be aware of their own stress levels, as well as those of their subordinates. Most of the literature focuses on ways of reducing stress. However, a more appropriate approach might be to examine ways of optimizing stress. French, Kast, and Rosenzweig (1985) state that the challenge is to minimize distress and to maintain eustress. They point out that the conditions of organizational life create a series of paradoxes that demonstrates the need for balance and equilibrium. The role of management becomes one of maintaining an appropriate level of stress by providing an optimal environment, and by doing a good job in areas such as performance planning, role analysis, work redesign/job enrichment, continuing feedback, ecological considerations, and interpersonal skills training. 2.5.1 Overcoming stress at work According to Jick and Payne (1980), there are essentially three strategies for dealing with stress in organizations. The first strategy is to treat the symptoms, secondly change the person and thirdly remove the cause of stress. When a person is already suffering from the effects of stress, the first priority is to treat the symptoms. This includes both the identification of those suffering from excessive stress, as well as providing health-care and psychological counseling services. The second approach is to help individuals build stress management skills to make them less vulnerable to its effects. Examples would be teaching employees time management and relaxation techniques, or suggesting changes to ones diet or exercise. The third approach is to eliminate or reduce the environmental situation that is creating the stress. This would involve reducing environmental stressors such as noise and pollution, or modifying production schedules and work loads. Furthermore, some researchers have suggested that in order to prevent role conflict, organizations should function according to the classic organizational theory principle of unity of command, that is, the employee should be supervised by a single superior and work according to a single plan. According to Weisner (2003) and Rizzo et al. (1970), an organization which cares for its employees must spare them the cross-fire of two or more superiors who have incompatible work instructions and expectations. Organizational theory maintains that each role should have a particular array of tasks and areas of responsibility (Weisner, 2003). Clear definition of role requirements gives superiors license to expect employees to be responsible for performing their roles. But if employees are not aware of the role requirements and what is expected of them, they will hesitate to make decisions and will work by trial and error aiming to meet their superiors expectations (Rizzo et al., 1970). There are many other successful ways of dealing with stress. These include stress reduction workshops, tranquilizers, biofeedback, meditation, self-hypnosis, and a variety of other techniques designed to relax an individual. Programs that teach tolerance for ambiguity often report positive effects. One of the most promising is a health maintenance program that stresses the necessity of proper diet, exercise and sleep. Last but not the least, Katz and Kahn (1978) suggest that managers can create nurturing and supportive environments to help minimize job-related stress. Social support systems seem to be extremely effective in preventing or relieving the deleterious effects of stress. Friends and family can provide a nurturing environment that builds self-esteem, and make one less susceptible to stress. One study found that government white-collar workers who received support from their supervisors, peers, and subordinates experienced fewer physical symptoms of stress. (Arnold and Feldman, 1986) 2.6 Empirical Review Nowadays, call centers and BPOs are booming in a high speed that the people have to work for prolonged hours to maintain the standard of living and achieve their basic needs. So is the condition in the hospitals, colleges, textile and banking sector and lots of other places. In spite of having the modern technologies and facilities, people are feeling themselves to be work loaded and stressed. In this chapter, a broad brush approach, that is, attempting to cover all situations, conditions or instances, is adopted to examine the detailed empirical works necessary to verify or disprove the potential explanations that we tentatively identify concerning the impact of stress on employee performance. Empirically, substantial progress in this field of research has been made possible by Ko de Ruyter, Martin Wetzels and Richard Feinberg (2001), who conducted a research on Role stress in Call centers: Its effects on employee performance and satisfaction. Their study was conducted among call center employees of a large insurance provider in the Netherlands. According to their research, both role stress ambiguity and role stress conflict had a significant and negative relationship with job satisfaction. When role stress increased, job satisfaction decreased, which in turn influences job performance and turnover intention. Moreover, a spate of suicides at France Telecom has put the spotlight on workplace stress and the devastating impact it can have on employees performance. Research by Mark Tutton (2009), has found that there have been 24 suicides and 13 attempted suicides among France Telecoms 100,000 employees since the beginning of 2008. These cases of suicides were apparently because of stress at work. A thirty-one year old woman jumped to her death from her fifth floor office window after she was told her job was changing again.   A worker stabbed himself in the stomach during a staff meeting and a fifty-two year male killed himself and left behind a note saying.I am committing suicide because of my work at France Telecom. Employees of France Telecom have cited constant pressure to resign, impossible goals, frequent forced relocations and chaotic reorganization. Davey, DeBortoli, Parker, Smolkin (2003), in their typology analysis, regarding stress at work, revealed that stress is a widespread phenomenon among Canadian employees. They conducted their research in Watson Wyatt (which surveyed 180 organizations, representing more than 500,000 full-time Canadian employees). According to this survey, 79% of the respondents claimed that stress, anxiety and depression are the main cause of short-term disability and 73% of respondents claimed that these psychological disorders results in long-term disability. Moreover, the average length of stress-related absences is four times higher than for absences resulting from workplace accidents and occupational diseases.